What are the rules of plural change of nouns and tense change of verbs?

What are the rules of plural change of nouns and tense change of verbs?

But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is Germany; Bowman is the surname, the plural is the Bowman. 2) simple complex homomorphism such as deer, sheet, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Li, Jin, yuan, two Li, three mu, four Jin, but