Which words ending in f or Fe end with s when they become plural

Half, knife, leaf, scalf, wife, wolf, life, etc. all of them end with consonants
Others, such as roof, proof, chief, etc., ending with a vowel, add s directly

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1. On ES and s in plural form of words ending with o It says in the book O ending noun: A noun indicating life, usually with ES added; For example: Heroes; tomatoes; potatoes; No life of the general plus sradios; photos; But how to understand the distinction between o-ending words and ES, s from the source of language? Or how to explain the use of S, es to separate the plural of o-ending words? What is the basis or reason?
2. How to determine whether a word ending in o becomes plural by adding s or es?
3. Is the plural of a noun plus s or es?
4. To plural, add 'es' or's'?
5. Under what circumstances can a noun ending in o be pluralized with s, ES or s, es?
6. Stomach complex
7. The adjective form of mistake is? Stomach, and the plural form is?
8. The complex number of stomach
9. Is the plural of stomach stomachs or stomaches?
10. Is the plural of piano plus s or es?
11. Rules of plural words
12. The ending of a word is the plural rule of Y
13. The ending of consonant + y changes from y to I + es, which is not a consonant, but a consonant? rt I said if it's not a consonant, but if it's a consonant, is it + s, or does it change y to I + es
14. For a noun ending with a consonant and y, change y to I and ES, and for a noun ending with a vowel and y, just add s~ 1. The consonants and vowels in this sentence refer to the phonetic alphabets or the letters in words? 2. What are the four consonant vowels in this sentence? 3. Is the vowel just aeiou?
15. What is a word that ends with a consonant and a Y? I can't understand this sentence. For example, where is the consonant of city? Where is the consonant? I can see the ending with y. teach me Is the consonant here the first letter, or where?
16. It's + one of + adjective superlative In this sentence pattern, do you add the most advanced adjective?
17. Must the be added to the superlative of the adjective after one of? For example: teahouse is one of Lao She's most famous plays. In this sentence, the superlative of famous is not added with the. When is the superlative of adjective after one of not added with the?
18. What does one of the + adjectives mean?
19. He is one of popular teachers?
20. as…… In the middle of as is the usage of noun, adjective and adverb,