What are the applications of idempotent matrix

What are the applications of idempotent matrix

If a is a square matrix and a ^ 2 = a, then a is called an idempotent matrix
The main properties of idempotent matrix are as follows
1. Its eigenvalue can only be 0,1
2. Diagonalization
3. Its adjoint matrix and transpose matrix are still idempotent
4. Its K power is also idempotent matrix
5. Its trace is equal to its rank
6. The sum of commutative idempotent matrices of the same order is idempotent
7. Invertible idempotent matrix is identity matrix