If a natural number (except 0) is an odd number multiplied by 3 plus 1, and an even number divided by 2, what will happen? What is this phenomenon called? Why

If a natural number (except 0) is an odd number multiplied by 3 plus 1, and an even number divided by 2, what will happen? What is this phenomenon called? Why

3x + 1 conjecture
This is the most famous digital black hole
Its calculation is very simple, starting from any positive integer, according to a simple operation mode: even number divided by 2, odd number multiplied by 3 and then added to 1, so it will eventually fall into the cycle of 4, 2, 1