Characteristics and distribution causes of world climate types (in tabular form)

Characteristics and distribution causes of world climate types (in tabular form)

1. Tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, such as the Malay islands, the Amazon plain, the Congo Basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. It is characterized by high temperature and rainy throughout the year, small annual temperature range, monthly average temperature between 25 ℃ and 28 ℃, annual precipitation more than 2000 mm, and the annual distribution is relatively uniform
2. The climate of the tropical grassland is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the tropical rainforest climate zone, where the annual average temperature is high, but the annual temperature range is slightly larger than that of the tropical rainforest climate. The annual precipitation is mostly between 400-1500 mm, and there are obvious dry and wet seasons. The farther away from the equator, the longer the dry season, so the less the precipitation
3. The tropical monsoon climate is distributed in South Asia and Indochina Peninsula. It is characterized by high temperature throughout the year, and the average temperature of the coldest month is above 18 ℃. The precipitation is closely related to the wind direction. The northeast wind from the mainland prevails in winter with less precipitation, while the Southwest wind from the Indian Ocean prevails in summer with abundant precipitation. The annual precipitation in most areas is 1500-2000mm, but in some areas it is much more than that
4. Tropical desert climate is distributed in the interior of the continent or the West Bank of the continent near the Tropic of cancer. It is characterized by high annual average temperature, large annual temperature difference, larger daily temperature difference, and less precipitation. The annual precipitation is generally less than 250 mm. In many areas, it is only tens of mm or even several millimeters. The precipitation variability is very large, and it often does not rain for several consecutive years
5. The subtropical monsoon climate is distributed in the subtropical area on the east coast of the mainland, where the winter is not cold, the average temperature in January is generally above 0 ℃, the summer is hot, the average temperature in July is generally about 25 ℃, the wind direction in winter and summer has obvious changes, the annual precipitation is generally more than 1000 mm, mainly concentrated in summer, less in winter, Due to a considerable amount of precipitation in winter, there is little difference between dry and wet in winter and summer
6. The Mediterranean climate is distributed in the subtropical area on the west coast of the mainland, and the Mediterranean coastal area is the most typical, so it is named. This kind of climate is characterized by mild winter, hot or warm summer, precipitation is mainly concentrated in winter, and dry summer, so it is also called subtropical dry summer climate
7. The temperate marine climate is distributed in the temperate zone of the west coast of the mainland. It is characterized by not cold in winter (the average temperature in January is above 0 ℃) and not hot in summer (the average temperature in July is below 22 ℃). There is precipitation throughout the year. The annual precipitation is generally about 1000 mm, and it can reach more than 2000 mm or more where the terrain is favorable
8. The temperate monsoon climate is distributed in the east of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, the north of Korea and Japan, and the east coast of Siberia. It is characterized by warm summer and cold winter with annual precipitation of 500-1000mm, mainly concentrated in summer. The temperature difference between winter and summer increases from south to North, and the precipitation decreases from south to north
9. The temperate continental climate is distributed in the Eurasian continent and the North American continent. Under the control of the continental air mass, it is cold in winter and hot in summer, with large annual temperature range and less precipitation. The annual precipitation is less than 500mm, forming a dry or semi-dry climate in the central part of the continent. However, in the northern part of the continent, it is cold and long in winter, cool and short in summer, with less evaporation and less precipitation, But it is not dry, forming a special sub - cold coniferous forest climate
10. Polar climate is distributed in the northern margin of Eurasia and North America, Greenland, Arctic islands and Antarctica. In the continental margin, winter is long and cold, but the average temperature of the hottest month in summer can reach 10 ℃. Moss and lichen are typical plants here, so they are also called tundra climate, Under the snow cover all year round, the average temperature of the hottest month does not exceed 0 ℃, so it is called ice sheet climate
11. Alpine climate may occur at any latitude, characterized by vertical changes in temperature and precipitation. The temperature decreases with the increase of altitude, and the precipitation increases with the increase of altitude within a certain altitude range, and decreases with the increase of altitude beyond this altitude
Among them, 10. Polar climate includes Tundra and ice sheet climate. (1) polar long cold climate (tundra climate). It is distributed in the northern margin of North America and Eurasia (the 10 ℃ isotherm of the hottest month in the south connects with the continental climate of the sub frigid zone), part of the coast of Greenland and some islands in the Arctic Ocean; in the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in the Malvinas Islands, South Shetland Islands and islands South Orkney Islands and other places are characterized by winter all year round, only 1-4 months in a year, monthly average temperature between 0 ° and 10 ℃, cold and long winter, annual precipitation of about 200-300 mm, mainly snow, permafrost layer on the ground, only lichens, mosses and other low plants
(2) polar ice sheet climate. It is distributed in the polar region and its adjacent areas, including Greenland, some islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. It is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It is in the state of eternal night in winter. Although it is eternal day in summer, the sunlight slants and the heat is weak, so the climate is very cold all year round, The temperature of every month is below 0 ℃; the annual average temperature of the Antarctic continent is - 25 ℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. In 1967, Norwegians measured the absolute lowest temperature of - 94.5 ℃, which can be called the "cold pole" of the world. The ground is mostly covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many fierce storms, so it is difficult for plants to grow
The climate occurs between 50 ° N and 65 ° n in a zonal distribution across North America and Eurasia. Specifically, in North America, it extends from Alaska through Canada to most parts of Labrador and Newfoundland; in the west of Eurasia, it starts from Scandinavian Peninsula (except the South), The climate in this area is mainly affected by polar ocean air mass and polar continental air mass, and is the source of polar continental air mass. In winter, there are many opportunities for Arctic air mass to invade; in warm season, there are many opportunities for Arctic air mass to invade, The main characteristics of this kind of climate are as follows: long and cold winter, with an average temperature below 0 ℃ for seven months every year and severe cold weather of - 50 ℃; short and warm summer, with monthly average temperature above 10 ℃, the highest can reach 18 ° to 20 ℃; the annual temperature range is particularly large; the annual precipitation is generally 300-600mm, mainly summer rain, The relative humidity is very high

Distribution pattern of world climate types

1 tropical monsoon climate 2 subtropical monsoon climate 3 temperate monsoon climate 4 temperate marine climate 5 Mediterranean climate 6 tropical desert climate 7 tropical grassland climate